Article 1
Persons Covered

This Convention shall apply to persons who are residents of one or both of the Contracting States.

Article 2
Taxes Covered

1. This Convention shall apply to taxes on income imposed on behalf of Bahrain and on behalf of Mexico, irrespective of the manner in which they are levied.

2. There shall be regarded as taxes on income all taxes imposed on total income or on elements of income, including taxes on gains from the alienation of movable or immovable property.

3. The existing taxes to which the Convention shall apply are in particular:

   1. in Bahrain to income tax payable under Amiri Decree No. 22/1979 ('The Oil Tax')

      (hereinafter referred to as 'Bahrain Tax'); and

   2. in Mexico:

      1. the federal income tax;

      2. the business flat rate tax;

      (hereinafter referred to as 'Mexican tax').

4. The Convention shall apply also to any identical or substantially similar taxes that are imposed after the date of signature of the Convention in addition to, or in place of, the existing taxes. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall notify each other of any significant changes that have been made in their respective taxation laws.

Article 3
General Definitions

1. For the purposes of this Convention, unless the context otherwise requires:

   1. the term 'Bahrain' means the territory of the Kingdom of Bahrain as well as the maritime areas, seabed and subsoil over which Bahrain exercises, in accordance with international law, sovereign rights and jurisdiction;

   2. the term 'Mexico' means the United Mexican States, when used in a geographical sense it includes the territory of the United Mexican States, as well as the integrated parts of the Federation, the islands, including the reefs and cays in the adjacent waters, the islands of Guadalupe and Revillagigedo, the continental shelf and the seabed and sub-soil of the islands, cays and reefs, the waters of the territorial seas and the inland waters and beyond them the areas over which, in accordance with the international law, Mexico may exercise its sovereign rights of exploration and exploitation of the natural resources of the seabed, sub-soil and the supra-jacent waters, and the air space of the national territory to the extent and under conditions established by international law;

   3. the terms 'a Contracting State' and 'the other Contracting State' mean Bahrain or Mexico, as the context requires;

   4. the term 'person' includes an individual, a company and any other body of persons;

   5. the term 'company' means any body corporate or any entity that is treated as a body corporate for tax purposes or any other entity constituted or recognised under the laws of one or other of the Contracting States as a body corporate;

   6. the term 'enterprise' applies to the carrying on of any business;

   7. the terms 'enterprise of a Contracting State' and 'enterprise of the other Contracting State' mean respectively an enterprise carried on by a resident of a Contracting State and an enterprise carried on by a resident of the other Contracting State;

   8. the term 'international traffic' means any transport by a ship or aircraft operated by a resident of a Contracting State, except when the ship or aircraft is operated solely between places in the other Contracting State;

   9. the term 'business' includes the performance of professional services and of other activities of an independent character;

   10. the term 'competent authority' means:

       1. in Bahrain, the Minister of Finance or his authorised representative; and

       2. in Mexico, the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit.

   11. the term 'national' means:

       1. any individual possessing the nationality of a Contracting State: and

       2. any legal person, partnership or association deriving its status as such from the laws in force in a Contracting State.

2. As regards the application of the Convention at any time by a Contracting State, any term not defined therein shall, unless the context otherwise requires, have the meaning that it has at that time under the law of that State for the purposes of the taxes to which the Convention applies, any meaning under the applicable tax laws of that State prevailing over a meaning given to the term under other laws of that State.

Article 4
Resident

1. For the purposes of this Convention, the term 'resident of a Contracting State' means:

   1. in the case of Bahrain, an individual who is a national of Bahrain and who is present in Bahrain for a period or periods totalling in the aggregate at least 183 days in the fiscal year concerned, and a company or other legal person which is incorporated or has its place of management in Bahrain.

   2. in the case of Mexico any person who, under the laws of Mexico, is liable to tax therein by reason of his domicile, residence, place of management or any other criterion of a similar nature,

   and also includes that State, and any political subdivision or local authority thereof. This term, however, does not include any person who is liable to tax in that State in respect only of income from sources in that State.

2. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, then his status shall be determined as follows:

   1. he shall be deemed to be a resident only of the State in which he has a permanent home available to him, if he has a permanent home available to him in both States, he shall be deemed to be a resident only of the State with which his personal and economic relations are closer (centre of vital interests);

   2. if the State in which he has his centre of vital interests cannot be determined, or if he has not a permanent home available to him in either State, he shall be deemed to be a resident only of the State in which he has an habitual abode;

   3. if he has an habitual abode in both States or in neither of them, he shall be deemed to be a resident only of the State of which he is a national;

   4. if he is a national of both States or of neither of them, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall settle the question by mutual agreement.

3. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2, a person other than an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall by mutual agreement endeavour to settle the question and to determine the mode of application of the Convention to such person.

Article 5
Permanent Establishment

1. For the purposes of this Convention, the term 'permanent establishment' means a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on.

2. The term 'permanent establishment' includes especially:

   1. a place of management;

   2. a branch;

   3. an office;

   4. a factory;

   5. a workshop;

   6. a mine, an oil or gas well, a quarry or any other place of extraction of natural resources;

   7. a refinery;

   8. a sales outlet; and

   9. a warehouse in relation to a person providing storage facilities for others.

3. The term 'permanent establishment' likewise encompasses:

   1. a building site or a construction, assembly or installation project or supervisory activities in connection therewith, but only where such site, project or activities continue for a period of more than six months;

   2. the furnishing of services, including consultancy services, by an enterprise through employees or other personnel engaged by the enterprise for such purpose, but only where activities of that nature continue (for the same or a connected project) within a Contracting State for a period or periods exceeding in the aggregate 183 days in any twelve-month period;

   3. the performance of professional services or other activities of an independent character by an individual, but only where those services or activities continue within a Contracting State for a period or periods exceeding in the aggregate 183 days in any twelve-month period.

   For the purposes of computing the time limits referred to in paragraph 3, the activities carried on by an enterprise associated with another enterprise within the meaning of Article 9 shall be aggregated with the period during which the activities are carried on by the associated enterprise, if the activities of both enterprises are identical or substantially similar.

4. An enterprise shall be deemed to have a permanent establishment in a Contracting State and to carry on business through that permanent establishment if in that State it carries on any activity which is directly connected with the exploration for or production of crude oil or other natural hydrocarbons from the ground in that State either for its own account or in refining crude oil owned by it or by others, wheresoever produced, in its facilities in that State.

5. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, the term 'permanent establishment' shall be deemed not to include:

   1. the use of facilities solely for the purpose of storage or display of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise;

   2. the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of storage or display;

   3. the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of processing by another enterprise;

   4. the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of purchasing goods or merchandise or of collecting information, for the enterprise;

   5. the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of advertising, supplying information, scientific research or for similar activities for the enterprise, which have a preparatory or auxiliary character.

6. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2, where a person - other than an agent of an independent status to whom paragraph 8 applies - is acting on behalf of an enterprise and has, and habitually exercises, in a Contracting State an authority to conclude contracts in the name of the enterprise, that enterprise shall be deemed to have a permanent establishment in that State in respect of any activities which that person undertakes for the enterprise, unless the activities of such person are limited to those mentioned in paragraph 5 which, if exercised through a fixed place of business, would not make this fixed place of business a permanent establishment under the provisions of that paragraph.

7. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Article, an insurance enterprise of a Contracting State shall, except in regard to reinsurance, be deemed to have a permanent establishment in the other Contracting State if it collects premiums in the territory of that other State or insures risks situated therein through a person other than an agent of an independent status to whom paragraph 8 applies.

8. An enterprise shall not be deemed to have a permanent establishment in a Contracting State merely because it carries on business in that State through a broker, general commission agent or any other agent of an independent status, provided that such persons are acting in the ordinary course of their business and that in their commercial or financial relations with the enterprise conditions are not made or imposed that differ from those generally agreed to by independent agents.

9. The fact that a company which is a resident of a Contracting State controls or is controlled by a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State, or which carries on business in that other State (whether through a permanent establishment or otherwise), shall not of itself constitute either company a permanent establishment of the other.

Article 6
Income from Immovable Property

1. Income derived by a resident of a Contracting State from immovable property (including income from agriculture or forestry) situated in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.

2. The term 'immovable property' shall have the meaning which it has under the law of the Contracting State in which the property in question is situated. The term shall in any case include property accessory to immovable property, livestock and equipment used in agriculture and forestry, rights to which the provisions of general law respecting landed property apply, usufruct of immovable property and rights to variable or fixed payments as consideration for the working of, or the right to work, mineral deposits, sources and other natural resources; ships, boats and aircraft shall not be regarded as immovable property.

3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall apply to income derived from the direct use, letting, or use in any other form of immovable property.

4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3 shall also apply to the income from immovable property of an enterprise.

Article 7
Business Profits

1. The profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that State unless the enterprise carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein. If the enterprise carries on business as aforesaid, the profits of the enterprise may be taxed in the other State but only so much of them as are attributable to:

   1. that permanent establishment;

   2. sales in that other State of goods or merchandise of the same or similar kind as the goods or merchandise sold through that permanent establishment.

   However, the profits derived from the sales described in subparagraph (b) shall not be taxable in the other Contracting State if the enterprise demonstrates that such sales have been carried out for reasons other than obtaining a benefit under this Convention

2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3, where an enterprise of a Contracting State carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, there shall in each Contracting State be attributed to that permanent establishment the profits which it might be expected to make if it were a distinct and separate enterprise engaged in the same or similar activities under the same or similar conditions and dealing wholly independently with the enterprise of which it is a permanent establishment.

3. In determining the profits of a permanent establishment, there shall be allowed as deductions expenses which are incurred for the purposes of the business of the permanent establishment, including executive and general administrative expenses so incurred, whether in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated or elsewhere. However, no such deduction shall be allowed in respect of amounts, if any, paid (otherwise than towards reimbursement of actual expenses) by the permanent establishment to the head office of the enterprise or any of its other offices, by way of royalties, fees or other similar payments in return for the use of patents or other rights, or by way of commission, for specific services performed or for management, or, except in the case of a banking enterprise, by way of income from debt-claims on moneys lent to the permanent establishment. Likewise, no account shall be taken, in the determination of the profits of a permanent establishment, for amounts charged (otherwise than towards reimbursement of actual expenses) by the permanent establishment to the head office of the enterprise or any of its other offices, by way of royalties, fees or other similar payments in return for the use of patents or other rights, or by way of commission for specific services performed or for management, or, except in the case of a banking enterprise, by way of income from debt-claims on moneys lent to the head office of the enterprise or any of its other offices.

4. Insofar as it has been customary in a Contracting State to determine the profits to be attributed to a permanent establishment on the basis of an apportionment of the total profits of the enterprise to its various parts, nothing in paragraph 2 shall preclude that Contracting State from determining the profits to be taxed by such an apportionment as may be customary: the method of apportionment adopted shall, however, be such that the result shall be in accordance with the principles contained in this Article.

5. No profits shall be attributed to a permanent establishment by reason of the mere purchase by that permanent establishment of goods or merchandise for the enterprise.

6. For the purposes of the preceding paragraphs, the profits to be attributed to the permanent establishment shall be determined by the same method year by year unless there is good and sufficient reason to the contrary.

7. Where profits include items of income which are dealt with separately in other Articles of this Convention, then the provisions of those Articles shall not be affected by the provisions of this Article.

Article 8
International Traffic

1. Profits of a resident of a Contracting State from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic shall be taxable only in that State.

2. Profits referred to in paragraph 1 shall not include profits from the provision of accommodation and profits from the use of any other means of transport.

3. For the purposes of this Article, profits from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic by a resident of a Contracting State include profits from the rental of ships or aircraft on a full (time or voyage) basis. They also include profits from the rental of ships or aircraft on a bareboat basis if such ships or aircraft are operated in international traffic by the lessee and are derived by a resident of a Contracting State engaged in the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic.

4. For the purposes of this Article and notwithstanding the provisions of Article 12, profits of a resident of a Contracting State from the use or rental of containers (including trailers, barges and related equipment for the transport of containers) used in international traffic shall be taxable only in that State where such use or rental is incidental to the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic.

5. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall also apply to profits from the participation in a pool, a joint business or an international operating agency.

Article 9
Associated Enterprises

1. Where

   1. an enterprise of a Contracting State participates directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of the other Contracting State, or

   2. the same persons participate directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of a Contracting State and an enterprise of the other Contracting State,

   and in either case conditions are made or imposed between the two enterprises in their commercial or financial relations which differ from those which would be made between independent enterprises, then any profits which would, but for those conditions, have accrued to one of the enterprises, but, by reason of those conditions, have not so accrued, may be included in the profits of that enterprise and taxed accordingly.

2. Where a Contracting State includes in the profits of an enterprise of that State, and taxes accordingly, profits on which an enterprise of the other Contracting State has been charged to tax in that other State and the profits so included are profits which would have accrued to the enterprise of the first-mentioned State if the conditions made between the two enterprises had been those which would have been made between independent enterprises, then that other State shall, make an appropriate adjustment to the amount of the tax charged therein on those profits. In determining such adjustment, due regard shall be had to the other provisions of this Convention and the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall if necessary consult each other.

Article 10
Dividends

1. Dividends paid by a company which is a resident of a Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.

2. The term 'dividends' as used in this Article means income from shares, 'jouissance' shares or 'jouissance' rights, mining shares, founders' shares or other rights, not being debt-claims, participating in profits, as well as income from other corporate rights and other income which is subjected to the same taxation treatment as income from shares by the laws of the State of which the company making the distribution is a resident.

3. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the dividends, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident, through a permanent establishment situated therein, and the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment. In such case the provisions of Article 7 shall apply.

4. Where a company which is a resident of a Contracting State derives profits or income from the other Contracting State, that other State may not impose any tax on the dividends paid by the company, except insofar as such dividends are paid to a resident of that other State or the dividends are attributable to a permanent establishment situated in that other State.

Article 11
Income from Debt-Claims

1. Income from debt-claims arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.

2. However, such income may also be taxed in the Contracting State in which it arises and according to the laws of that State, but if the beneficial owner of the income from debt-claims is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax so charged shall not exceed:

   1. 4.9% in the case of income from debt-claims paid to banks;

   2. 10% in other cases.

3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2, income from debt-claims referred to in paragraph 1 shall be taxable only in the Contracting State in which the beneficial owner is a resident if:

   1. the beneficial owner is a Contracting State, a political subdivision or a local authority thereof, or the Central Bank of a Contracting State;

   2. the income is paid by any of the entities mentioned in sub-paragraph a);

   3. the income from debt-claims arises in Bahrain and is paid in respect of a loan granted, guaranteed or insured by Banco de México, Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior, S.N.C., Nacional Financiera, S.N.C. or Banco Nacional de Obras y Servicios Públicos, S.N.C., or by any other institution, as may be agreed from time to time between the competent authorities of the Contracting States: or

   4. the income arises in Mexico and is paid to the National Bank of Bahrain or by any other institution, as may be agreed from time to time between the competent authorities of the Contracting States.

4. The terms 'income from debt-claims' and 'income' as used in this Article means income from debt-claims of every kind, whether or not secured by mortgage and whether or not carrying a right to participate in the debtor's profits, and in particular, income from government securities and income from bonds or debentures, including premiums and prizes attaching to such securities, bonds or debentures, as well as all other income that is treated as income from money lent by the laws of the Contracting State in which the income arises. The terms 'income from debt-claims' and 'income' shall not include any item of income which is considered as a dividend under the provisions of paragraph 4 of Article 10.

5. The provisions of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the income being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State in which the income arises, through a permanent establishment situated therein and the debt-claim in respect of which the income is paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment. In such case the provisions of Article 7 shall apply.

6. Income shall be deemed to arise in a Contracting State when the payer is a resident of that State. Where, however, the person paying the income, whether he is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment and such income is borne by such permanent establishment, then such income shall be deemed to arise in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated.

7. Where by reason of a special relationship between the payer and the beneficial owner or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the income exceeds, for whatever reason, the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payer and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each Contracting State, due regard being had to the other provisions of this Convention.

Article 12
Royalties

1. Royalties arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.

2. However, such royalties may also be taxed in the Contracting State in which they arise and according to the laws of that State, but if the beneficial owner of the royalties is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax so charged shall not exceed 10 per cent of the gross amount of the royalties.

3. The term 'royalties' as used in this Article means payments of any kind received as a consideration for:

   1. the use of, or the right to use, any patent, trade mark, design or model, plan, secret formula or process;

   2. the use of, or the right to use, any industrial, commercial or scientific equipment;

   3. the supply of information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience;

   4. the use of, or the right to use, any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work, including cinematograph films and films or tapes for television or radio broadcasting:

   5. the reception of, or the right to receive, visual images or sounds, or both, for the purpose of transmission by:

      1. satellite;

      2. cable, optic fibre or similar technology; or

   6. the use of, or the right to use, in connection with television or radio broadcasting, visual images or sounds, or both, for the purpose of transmission to the public by:

      1. satellite;

      2. cable, optic fibre or similar technology.

   Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 13, the term 'royalties' also includes payments derived from the alienation of any such right or property which are contingent on the productivity, use or disposition thereof.

4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the royalties, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State in which the royalties arise, through a permanent establishment situated therein, and the right or property in respect of which the royalties are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment. In such case the provisions of Article 7 shall apply.

5. For purposes of this Article, royalties shall be treated as arising in a Contracting State when the payer is that State itself or a political subdivision or local authority of that State, or a person who is a resident of that State for purposes of its tax. Where, however, the person paying the royalties, whether he is a resident of one of the Contracting States or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment in connection with which the liability to pay the royalties was incurred, and the royalties are borne by such permanent establishment, then the royalties shall be deemed to arise in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated.

6. Where by reason of a special relationship between the payer and the beneficial owner or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the royalties exceeds, for whatever reason, the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payer and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each Contracting State, due regard being had to the other provisions of this Convention.

Article 13
Capital Gains

1. Gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of immovable property referred to in Article 6 and situated in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other Contracting State.

2. Gains from the alienation of shares or other similar rights in a company the property of which consists directly or indirectly principally of immovable property situated in a Contracting State may be taxed in that State.

3. In addition to gains taxable in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraphs of this Article, gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of stock, participation, or other rights in the capital of a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other Contracting State.

4. Gains from the alienation of movable property forming part of the business property of a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State, including such gains from the alienation of such a permanent establishment (alone or with the whole enterprise), may be taxed in that other State.

5. Gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of ships or aircraft operated in international traffic, or of movable property pertaining to the operation of such ships or aircraft, shall be taxable only in that State.

6. Gains from the alienation of any property other than that referred to in the preceding paragraphs of this Article, shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the alienator is a resident.

Article 14
Income from Employment

1. Subject to the provisions of Articles 15, 17 and 18, salaries, wages and other similar remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment shall be taxable only in that State unless the employment is exercised in the other Contracting State. If the employment is so exercised, such remuneration as is derived therefrom may be taxed in that other State.

2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment exercised in the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned Contracting State if:

   1. the recipient is present in the other State for a period or periods not exceeding in the aggregate 183 days in any twelve month period commencing or ending in the fiscal year concerned, and

   2. the remuneration is paid by, or on behalf of, an employer who is not a resident of the other State, and

   3. the remuneration is not borne by a permanent establishment which the employer has in the other State.

3. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, remuneration derived in respect of an employment exercised aboard a ship or aircraft operated by a resident of a Contracting State in international traffic, may be taxed in that State.

Article 15
Directors' Fees

Directors' fees and other similar payments derived by a resident of a Contracting State in his capacity as a member of the board of directors or any other organ of a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State, may be taxed in that other State.

Article 16
Artistes and Sportspersons

1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 7 and 14, income derived by a resident of a Contracting State as an entertainer, such as a theatre, motion picture, radio or television artiste, or a musician, or as a sportsperson, from his personal activities as such exercised in the other Contracting State, may be taxed in that other State. Income derived by an entertainer or a sportsperson who is a resident of a Contracting State from that resident's personal activities relating to that resident's reputation as an entertainer or sportsperson exercised in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.

2. Where income in respect of personal activities exercised by an entertainer or a sportsperson in his capacity as such accrues not to the entertainer or sportsperson himself but to another person, that income may, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 7 and 14, be taxed in the Contracting State in which the activities of the entertainer or sportsperson are exercised.

3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2, income derived by a resident of a Contracting State as an entertainer or sportsperson shall be exempt from tax by the other Contracting State if the visit to that other State is substantially supported by public funds of the first mentioned State or a political subdivision or local authority thereof.

Article 17
Pensions

Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 18, pensions and other similar remuneration paid to a resident of a Contracting State in consideration of past employment shall be taxable only in that State.

Article 18
Government Service

1. 1. Salaries, wages and other similar remuneration, other than a pension, paid by a Contracting State or a political subdivision or a local authority thereof to an individual in respect of services rendered to that State or subdivision or authority shall be taxable only in that State.

   2. However, such salaries, wages and other similar remuneration shall be taxable only in the other Contracting State if the services are rendered in that State and the individual is a resident of that State who:

      1. is a national of that State; or

      2. did not become a resident of that State solely for the purpose of rendering the services.

2. 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, any pension and other similar remuneration paid by, or out of funds created by, a Contracting State or a political subdivision or a local authority thereof to an individual in respect of services rendered to that State or subdivision or authority shall be taxable only in that State.

   2. However, such pension and other similar remuneration shall be taxable only in the other Contracting State if the individual is a resident of, and a national of, that State.

3. The provisions of Articles 14, 15, 16 and 17 shall apply to salaries, wages, pensions and other similar remuneration, in respect of services rendered in connection with a business carried on by a Contracting State or a political subdivision or a local authority thereof.

Article 19
Students

Payments which a student or business apprentice who is or was immediately before visiting a Contracting State a resident of the other Contracting State and who is present in the first-mentioned State solely for the purpose of his education or training receives for the purpose of his maintenance, education or training shall not be taxed in that State, provided that such payments arise from sources outside that State.

Article 20
Other Income

Items of income of a resident of a Contracting State not dealt with in the foregoing Articles of this Convention and arising in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.

Article 21
Limitation on Benefits

1. A resident of a Contracting State shall not be granted the benefits of this Convention if the competent authority of the other Contracting State determines that the said resident actively carries out business in the other State and that the establishment or acquisition or maintenance of such person and the conduct of its operations has as one of its principal purposes the obtaining of benefits under this Convention.

2. Before a resident of a Contracting State is denied relief from taxation in the other Contracting State by reason of the preceding paragraph, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall consult each other. Likewise, the competent authorities of the Contracting States may consult each other with regard to the application of this Article.

3. The provisions of this Convention shall not prevent a Contracting State from applying its provisions regarding thin capitalisation and controlled foreign corporation (in the case of Mexico, preferential tax regimes).

4. It is understood that the Contracting States shall endeavour to apply the provisions of this Convention in accordance with the Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital drawn up from time to time by the OECD Committee on Fiscal Affairs to the extent that the provisions contained in the Convention correspond to those set forth under such Model.

Article 22
Elimination of Double Taxation

1. In accordance with the provisions and subject to the limitations of the laws of the Kingdom of Bahrain, as may be amended from time to time without changing the general principle hereof, Bahrain shall allow its residents as a credit against the Bahrain tax the Mexican tax paid on income arising in Mexico, in an amount not exceeding the tax payable in Mexico on such income.

2. In accordance with the provisions and subject to the limitations of the laws of Mexico, as may be amended from time to time without changing the general principle hereof, Mexico shall allow its residents as a credit against the Mexican tax:

   1. the Bahrain tax paid on income arising in Bahrain, in an amount not exceeding the tax payable in Mexico on such income; and

   2. in the case of a company owning at least 10 percent of the capital of a company which is a resident of Bahrain and from which the first-mentioned company receives dividends, the Bahrain tax paid by the distributing company with respect to the profits out of which the dividends are paid.

3. Where in accordance with any provision of the Convention income derived by a resident of a Contracting State is exempt from tax in that State, such State may nevertheless, in calculating the amount of tax on the remaining income of such resident, take into account the exempted income.

Article 23
Non-Discrimination

1. Nationals of a Contracting State shall not be subjected in the other Contracting State to any taxation or any requirement connected therewith, which is other or more burdensome than the taxation and connected requirements to which nationals of that other State in the same circumstances, in particular with respect to residence, are or may be subjected. This provision shall, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 1, also apply to persons who are not residents of one or both of the Contracting States.

2. The taxation on a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State shall not be less favourably levied in that other State than the taxation levied on enterprises of that other State carrying on the same activities. This provision shall not be construed as obliging a Contracting State to grant to residents of the other Contracting State any personal allowances, reliefs and reductions for taxation purposes on account of civil status or family responsibilities which it grants to its own residents.

3. Except where the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 9, paragraph 7 of Article 11, or paragraph 6 of Article 12, apply, income from debt-claims, royalties and other disbursements paid by an enterprise of a Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State shall, for the purpose of determining the taxable profits of such enterprise, be deductible under the same conditions as if they had been paid to a resident of the first-mentioned State. Similarly, any debts of an enterprise of a Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State shall, for the purpose of determining the taxable profits of such enterprise, be deductible under the same conditions as if they had been contracted to a resident of the first-mentioned State.

4. Enterprises of a Contracting State, the capital of which is wholly or partly owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by one or more residents of the other Contracting State, shall not be subjected in the first-mentioned State to any taxation or any requirement connected therewith which is other or more burdensome than the taxation and connected requirements to which other similar enterprises of the first-mentioned State are or may be subjected.

5. The provisions of this Article shall, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 2, apply to taxes of every kind and description.

Article 24
Mutual Agreement Procedure

1. Where a person considers that the actions of one or both of the Contracting States result or will result for him in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of this Convention, he may, irrespective of the remedies provided by the domestic law of those States, present his case to the competent authority of the Contracting State of which he is a resident or, if his case comes under paragraph 1 of Article 23, to that of the Contracting State of which he is a national. The case must be presented within four years from the first notification of the action resulting in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of the Convention.

2. The competent authority shall endeavour, if the objection appears to it to be justified and if it is not itself able to arrive at a satisfactory solution, to resolve the case by mutual agreement with the competent authority of the other Contracting State, with a view to the avoidance of taxation which is not in accordance with the Convention, provided that the competent authority of the other Contracting State is notified of the case within four and a half years from the due date or the date of filing of the return in that other State, whichever is later. In such case, any agreement reached shall be implemented within ten years from the due date or the date of filing of the return in that other State, whichever is later, or a longer period if permitted by the domestic law of that other State.

3. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall endeavour to resolve by mutual agreement any difficulties or doubts arising as to the interpretation or application of the Convention.

4. The competent authorities of the Contracting States may communicate with each other directly for the purpose of reaching an agreement in the sense of the preceding paragraphs.

5. Notwithstanding any other treaties of which the Contracting States are or may become parties, any dispute over a measure taken by a Contracting State involving a tax covered by Article 2 or, in the case of non-discrimination, any taxation measure taken by a Contracting State, including a dispute whether this Convention applies, shall be settled only under the Convention, unless the competent authorities of the Contracting States agree otherwise.

Article 25
Exchange of Information

1. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall exchange such information as is foreseeably relevant for carrying out the provisions of this Convention or to the administration or enforcement of the domestic laws concerning taxes of every kind and description imposed on behalf of the Contracting States. The exchange of information is not restricted by Articles 1 and 2.

2. Any information received under paragraph 1 by a Contracting State shall be treated as secret in the same manner as information obtained under the domestic laws of that State and shall be disclosed only to persons or authorities (including courts and administrative bodies) concerned with the assessment or collection of, the enforcement or prosecution in respect of, the determination of appeals in relation to the taxes referred to in paragraph 1, or the oversight of the above. Such persons or authorities shall use the information only for such purposes. They may disclose the information in public court proceedings or in judicial decisions.

3. In no case shall the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 be construed so as to impose on a Contracting State the obligation to:

   1. carry out administrative measures at variance with the laws and administrative practice of that or of the other Contracting State;

   2. supply information which is not obtainable under the laws or in the normal course of the administration of that or of the other Contracting State;

   3. supply information which would disclose any trade, business, industrial, commercial or professional secret or trade process, or information, the disclosure of which would be contrary to public policy (ordre public).

4. If information is requested by a Contracting State in accordance with this Article, the other Contracting State shall use its information gathering measures to obtain the requested information, even though that other State may not need such information for its own tax purposes. The obligation contained in the preceding sentence is subject to the limitations of paragraph 3 but in no case shall such limitations be construed to permit a Contracting State to decline to supply information solely because it has no domestic interest in such information.

5. In no case shall the provisions of paragraph 3 be construed to permit a Contracting State to decline to supply information solely because the information is held by a bank, other financial institution, nominee or person acting in an agency or fiduciary capacity or because it relates to ownership interests in a person.

Article 26
Assistance in Collection

The Contracting States shall within the limitations of their tax structures lend aid and assistance to each other in order to notify and recover the taxes referred to in Article 2 as well as surcharges, additions, compensation for late payments, costs and fines of a non-penal nature.

Article 27
Members of Diplomatic Missions and Consular Posts

Nothing in this Convention shall affect the fiscal privileges of members of diplomatic missions or consular posts under the general rules of international law or under the provisions of special agreements.

Article 28
Entry into Force

Each of the Contracting States shall notify each other, through the diplomatic channels, the completion of the procedures required by its domestic law for the bringing into force of this Convention. This Convention shall enter into force thirty days after the date of the later of these notifications and its provisions shall have effect:

1. in respect of taxes withheld at source, to income paid or credited on or after the first day of January in the calendar year next following that in which the Convention enters into force;

2. in respect of other taxes, for any taxable year beginning on or after the first day of January in the calendar year next following that in which the Convention enters into force.

Article 29
Termination

This Convention shall remain in force until terminated by a Contracting State. Either Contracting State may terminate the Convention at any time after five years from the date on which the Convention enters into force, provided that at least six months prior notice of termination has been given through diplomatic channels. In such event, the Convention shall cease to have effect:

1. in respect of taxes withheld at source, to income paid or credited on or after the first day of January in the calendar year next following that in which the notice is given;

2. in respect of other taxes, for any taxable year beginning on or after the first day of January in the calendar year next following that in which the notice is given.

IN WITNESS whereof the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto, have signed this Convention.

DONE in duplicate at Washington DC, this 10 day of October 2010, in the Arabic, Spanish, and English languages, all texts being equally authentic. In the case of any divergence, the English text shall prevail.

Protocol

At the signing of the Convention between the Government of the Kingdom of Bahrain and the Government of the United Mexican States for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income, the undersigned have agreed upon the following provision which shall form an integral part of the Convention.

It is understood that:

With reference to Article 11, for Mexican tax purposes, the terms 'income from debt-claims' or 'income' shall include all the items of income or gains contained in Articles 9, 195, 198 and 199 of the Mexican Income Tax Law or in the Articles that substitute them.

IN WITNESS thereof the undersigned, duly authorised thereto, have signed this Protocol.

DONE in duplicate at Washington DC, this 10 day of October 2010 in the Arabic, Spanish and English languages, all texts being equally authentic. In case of any divergence, the English text shall prevail.