Article 29 of the KSA Income Tax Law establishes the methodology for valuing non-monetary transactions for tax purposes. It stipulates that when the calculation of the tax base or gross income includes non-cash properties, services, or other benefits, their valuation must be based on their fair market value. The specific point in time for this valuation is the date the item was recorded in the entity's books for taxation. The article further clarifies that for any non-cash property transferred to an employee or another service provider, its market value must be determined without regard to any restrictions on the transfer of its ownership.